The Many Uses of Best

The Many Uses of Best The Many Uses of â€Å"Best† The Many Uses of â€Å"Best† By Maeve Maddox Besides its use as a simple adjective meaning,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"of the highest excellence, excelling all others in quality,† the word best serves as other parts of speech and occurs in many English idioms. As a verb, to best means to get the better of, get an advantage over, outdo; to outreach, outwit, circumvent. â€Å"Jack’s wife always bests him at bridge.† Best can be a noun. â€Å"Marilyn wanted nothing but the best for herself and her family.† As an adverb best modifies a verb. â€Å"All the boys are good at drawing faces, but James does it best.† Here are several common idioms that make use of the word best. The list is by no means exhaustive. best man: the chief male attendant who stands up for the groom at a wedding. With the advent of same-sex marriage, the term is beginning to lose its gendered meaning. the best people: people considered better than most, either because they come from old, established families, or because they possess superior moral qualities. â€Å"The best people possess a feeling for beauty, the courage to take risks, the discipline to tell the truth, the capacity for sacrifice.† Ernest Hemingway best boy: the principal assistant to the chief electrician in a film crew best seller: what every writer wants to have or to be. The term usually applies to a book or other product, but sometimes it stands for a best-selling author. (Yes, best-selling takes a hyphen.) second best: next in quality to the first. No one wants to be â€Å"second best,† but whether or not it’s a bad thing depends upon who or what is â€Å"first best.† For example, in the Forbes list of the richest people in the U.S., Warren Buffett is â€Å"second best.† His net worth of a mere $58 billion puts him in second place after Bill Gates. Gates has $72 billion. to do one’s best and to give it one’s best shot: both expressions mean â€Å"to do something to the best of one’s ability,† but they have differing connotations: â€Å"I always try to do my best.† (applicable to any situation) â€Å"I may not have time to pick up the laundry, but I’ll do my best.† (implies that the effort may be futile) â€Å"Everyone else in the contest has more experience, but I’ll give it my best shot.† (the odds of failure are greater than those of success.) to make the best of it: adjust to a bad situation. â€Å"The tornado destroyed our house, but we’ll make the best of it.† for the best: better than it seems or seemed at the moment. â€Å"His bride left him at the altar, but it was for the best because he met and married someone better.† the best of both worlds: a situation in which you can enjoy two very different things at the same time. Nina Dobev, who portrays both human Elena and her doppelganger, former vampire Katherine in [ The Vampire Diaries] said she gets the best of both worlds. Some â€Å"best† expressions are hyphenated: best-built best-aimed best-bred best-dressed best-kept best-laid best-managed best-meaning best-meant best-preserved best-intentioned best-natured best-tempered Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksTypes of Ignorance

Divergent Evolution

Divergent Evolution The definition of evolution is a change in a population of a species over time. There are many different ways that evolution can happen in a population including both artificial selection and natural selection. The evolutionary path a species takes can also differ depending on the environment and other biological factors. One of these paths of macroevolution is called divergent evolution. In divergent evolution, a single species interbreeds, either through natural means or artificially chosen traits and selective breeding, and then that species begins to branch off and become a different species. Over time as the two new different species continues to evolve, they become less and less similar. In other words, they have diverged. Divergent evolution is a type of macroevolution that creates more diversity in species in the biosphere. Catalysts Sometimes, divergent evolution occurs through chance happenings over time. Other cases of divergent evolution become necessary for survival in a changing environment. Some circumstances that can drive divergent evolution include natural disasters like volcanoes, weather phenomena, the spread of disease, or an overall climate change in an area in which the species lives. These changes make it necessary for the species to adapt and change in order to survive. Natural selection will select the trait that is more beneficial for the species survival. Adaptive Radiation The term adaptive radiation is also sometimes used interchangeably with divergent evolution. However, most science textbooks agree that adaptive radiation is focused more on the microevolution of a rapidly reproducing population. Adaptive radiation may lead to divergent evolution over time as the new species become less similar, or diverge, in different directions on the tree of life. While it is a very fast type of speciation, divergent evolution generally takes more time. Once a species has diverged via adaptive radiation or another microevolutionary process, divergent evolution will occur more quickly if there is some sort of physical barrier or a reproductive or biological difference that keeps the populations from interbreeding once again. Over time, significant differences and adaptations can add up and make it impossible for the populations to ever interbreed again. This may be caused by a change in chromosome number or as simple as incompatible reproduction cycles. An example of adaptive radiation that led to divergent evolution is Charles Darwins finches. Even though their overall appearances seemed to be similar and were clearly descendants of the same common ancestor, they did have different beak shapes and were no longer able to interbreed in nature. This lack of interbreeding and the different niches the finches had filled on the Galapagos Islands led the populations to become less and less similar over time. Forelimbs Perhaps an even more illustrative example of divergent evolution in the history of life on Earth is the forelimbs of mammals. Even though whales, cats, humans, and bats all are very different morphologically and in the niches they fill in their environments, the bones of the forelimbs of these different species are a great example of divergent evolution. Whales, cats, humans, and bats clearly cannot interbreed and are very different species, but the similar bone structure in the forelimbs indicate they once diverged from a common ancestor. Mammals are an example of divergent evolution because they became very dissimilar over a long period of time, yet still retain similar structures that indicate they are related somewhere on the tree of life. The diversity of species on Earth has increased over time, not counting the periods in the history of life where mass extinctions occurred. This is, in part, a direct result of adaptive radiation and also divergent evolution. Divergent evolution continues to work on the current species on Earth and leading to even more macroevolution and speciation.

Alternative and Traditional Medicine Term Paper

Alternative and Traditional Medicine - Term Paper Example A sick person often seeks treatment from a practitioner who admire the most and belief. Traditional is regarded as the conservative kind of approach to treatment. Traditional medicine also referred to as western medicine specializes more on drugs and surgeries. It is often preferred in cases that are very serious and likely to cost someone life. Each style however has its own advantages and disadvantages and there is certainly no practitioner that has all answers regarding treatment. They are both good and complementary to each other. Traditional medicine includes modern health science such as surgery and associated practices. It is also referred to as contemporary or Western medicine (Gordon, 1993). On the other hand, Alternative medicine refers to the collection of skills, practices and knowledge based on old theories or experiences and comprising a wide range of procedures native to diverse cultures across the world. Alternative science refers to a combination of unconventional practices to diagnose, prevent or treat any form of illness (Gordon, 1993). It has been proven that traditional medicine, in most cases focuses on the factors causing the disease, prevention and remedies but the environment and circumstances under which the disease occurred is not considered as the system is limited to the study of an anomaly and ways to remove it (Gordon, 1993). Since it has evolved over the ages, the alternative approach varies according to person and place. An example of a practice under this category is the Chinese medicine. The underlying principle of this system is to consider the ailment as a dynamic entity of the system and seek a means to uproot its foundation. It considers the illness as an upset of balance between the body and its surroundings. Thus, it focuses on cleansing the whole system rather than eliminating the immediate cause of the disease. Traditional medicine practices focuses on a single

Animals and the Myriad Ways They Can Kill or Heal Us Essay - 3

Animals and the Myriad Ways They Can Kill or Heal Us - Essay Example This is in as much as the sting from the bee itself is fatal if the subject in discussion has encountered a fierce be attack from many bees whose result is incapacitation if not death. On the bright side, controlled bee stings are probably one of the first natural cures for arthritis (Krylov et al., 2007, p. 23). In the ancient civilization of countries like Egypt, India, Greece, Babylon and china bee venom was used for apitherapy. The bee venom in itself is composed of very complicated mixtures and combinations of peptides, very low molecular components and proteins (Bogdanov, 2012). In this mixture the main compositions are proteins and peptides. Its fresh counterpart mainly differs from it in regard to the volatile components but the biological activity is similar. Polypeptides: the constituents of polypeptides are the very small organelles that are composed of more than one amino acid with the main component of it being the melittin. This main component contains 2840 daltons and as a result it assumes a tetrameric form (Giri, et al., 2010, p. 95). The melittin and the protein electrophoretic patterns are typically of the honey bee species. Proteins: this component in itself is one that is catalysts specific in its reaction and since bee venom has around 5 enzymes, there is existence of very small quantities of very minimum or low molecular compounds which in themselves are not similar in any way (Bogdanov, 2012, p. 6). These may include amino acids, sugars, minerals and catecholamines. In the case of sugars, we see that they have been identified in bee venom preparations which is collected with a collector while preventing the likelihood of a contamination by pollen and nectar thus in most cases if not all, it usually does not contain carbohy drates. Composition of the dry matter of bee venom: The protein group has components that include Phospholipase A2, phospholipase B and hydraluronidase. Its counterpart i.e. peptides has

Health and social unit Essay Example for Free

Health and social unit Essay Outcome 1 understand the importance of equality and inclusion 1.1 Diversity- Diversity literally means difference. Diversity recognises that though people have things in common with each other, they are also different and unique in many ways. Diversity is about recognising and valuing those differences. Diversity therefore consists of visible and non-visible factors, which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and work-style in addition to the characteristics that are protected under discrimination legislation in terms of race, disability, gender, religion and belief, sexual orientation and age. Equality- Equality means treating people in a way that is appropriate for their needs. For example, if someone with a disability wanted to board the plane and was in a wheelchair, it would be no good saying to them, â€Å"you have to take the stairs like everybody else†. What is needed is a way of getting on the plane that will suit everybody’s needs without showing them up and treating them in a way that is worse than other people. Inclusion- Inclusion is about equal opportunities for all pupils, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background. It pays particular attention to the provision made for, and the achievement of, different groups of pupils within a school. Discrimination- Giving preference over one kind of people over another because of race, color, creed, national origin, disability, sexual preference, age, maritial status, looks, etc. 1.2 In a work place discriminatin can diliberatly occur, I.E for example if you celebrate christmas and make everyone get involved with secret santa or christmas gifts but not everyone may not celebrate christmas some may have differant religions and beliefs,this is why you should see things with an  open mind and not discriminate anyone just because of your own beliefs. 1.3 By supporting a person’s equality you are treating them as equal and including them in all activities, you will be reducing the likelihood of discrimination Outcome 2 2.1 Equality Act Humans Rights Act GSCC = The General Social Care Council.

Reading Nightmares :: essays papers

Reading Nightmares Reading nightmares exist at many different levels. There are nightmares at the national and state levels. There are nightmares within the field of reading education, and with teachers across all subject areas. This is a key point in the article â€Å"Exploring reading nightmares of middles and secondary school teachers† by William P. Bintz. At the national and state levels, research indicates that students experience a declining interest and slowing development in reading from the seventh grade on (Farr, Fay, Myers , & Ginsberg, 1987). They â€Å"demonstrate gains in reading during the early years, these gains seem to taper off in the middle and upper grades, and decline during the high school years.† (Chall 4) Many studies give strength to this argument that reading nightmares occur nationally. They show that students have difficulty with tasks requiring interpretations of what they read, that students do little, if any, reading in school and for homework, and that there is a decline in reading skills amongst 12th graders. (Bintz 13). Goodland (1984) believes that this problem may exist because of the relationship between time spent on reading instruction and the decline in reading abilities. He points out that â€Å"reading occupies only approximately 6% of class time in elementary school, 3% in junior High school, and 2% in senior high school. â€Å" (p 106-107). It is noted that 8th grade students watch TV, on average, almost 22 hours per week. They read for less than 2. (Humphrey 23). Reading instruction, as a field of study, is also ripe with nightmares. Too often, educators make assumptions about reading and its’ instruction. These include â€Å"(a) Reading instruction is primarily, if not exclusively, the role of elementary, not middle and secondary school teachers; and (b) reading is an isolated skill; once mastered in the elementary grades students require no further instruction.† (Bintz 14) As Burnett is keen to show, these attitudes are changing, but slowly. Teachers on the secondary level are still hesitant to get involved in reading instruction. They see themselves as teachers of content. But, perhaps, as Summers states, maybe the content area teachers are hesitant because they, along with many language arts teachers, aren’t properly trained to provide reading instruction. Regardless of content area, all teachers are seeing the same nightmares.

The Basseri of Iran: the Tent People

The Basseri are pastoral nomads that live in Iran and migrate along steppes and mountains throughout the year. The groups they live in are typically divided by independent households referred to as tents. They have a very deliberate political structure and are well organized. Their leaders have to lead somewhat for the people because if the common Basseri do not agree or believe in the chief then they will take their herd to an alternative chief. The Basseri of Iran are a very traditional and focused community, the following pages should give you a small glimpse into their daily lives, their beliefs values and culture. The Basseri culture is made up of individual households which are referred to as tents. Each tent has independent ownership of the property in the tent unit and the livestock. The man is the head of his own tent. For ease they will combine multiple tents and herds the animals together. The Basseri break camp and move completely every three to four days. This is not uncommon to them, it’s their way of life. The women and children typically break down camp and move to the new location and set camp back up while the men herd the animals. Headmen are leaders of a camp that are recognized by the Basseri chief. There can also be what is called a White Beard, which is an informal leader that represents the camp if there is not a Headmen in the camp. These leaders represent each camp in political and administrative ways. Headmen can communicate much more freely with the Basseri chief than a common tribe member. The chief does not give them authority though. (Johnson, 1996) The Basseri chief is over a large centralized political system. He has extreme authority over all the members of the Basseri tribe. The chief is often own as the Khan. The Khan can give orders to anyone in the tribe and they must obey. This is called the omnipotent Khan. The chief status is shown by his urban villas or larger tents. All the members of the tribe acknowledge his authority and treat his immediate family almost as royalty as well. The Basseri faith is Shia Muslims. However, they do not follow the customs and rituals as the other Islamic followers. Their customers and rituals are based more on the life cycles and not religion. They do rituals and celebrate births, death, coming of age, etc. The fast of Ramadan and the feast of Moharram, which are of central importance to the surrounding Muslims, are observed only by a few Basseri. (Johnson, 1996)

Organic lab. Comparison of alkanes and alkenes Essay

1. Volatility of methane, hexane, and paraffin Substance Methane Hexane Paraffin wax Observations Colorless gas, with a smell of sweet burnt alcohol. Clear, colorless liquid. Alcoholic smell, light but pungent. White, oily (waxy) solid. Very malleable, odorless. 1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in water Substance Hexane + water Paraffin wax + water Observations Hexane when shaken with water does not dissolve. We can tell so because even though both liquids are clear and colorless, we can see a clear line which distinguishes one liquid from the other. The hexane floats right above the water, never mixing, and we can see the line of separation. Paraffin wax when shaken with water also does not dissolve. Even when finely ground, the solid pieces of wax float throughout the liquid and eventually deposit on the bottom of the test tube, never mixing with the water. 1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax Substance Methane Hexane Paraffin wax Observations When the lighted splint is inserted in the test tube filled with methane, the flame quickly extinguishes itself, with a small spurt of black smoke. Right after, water vapour coats the walls of the test tube. Therefore, combustion occurred, since the water vapour means that H2O and CO2 are produced as bi products. The combustion almost complete, but not quite, since the black smoke suggests that a small amout of noxious CO and carbon were also produced. When the lighted splint is applied to the basin full of hexane, the whole surface of the alcohol catches fire (combusts) and a big flame forms, which lasts circa 5 minutes. As the fire blazes, some black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin become first light brown, and then progessively a darker shade of brown. This is the soot collecting on the basin. Therefore, a incomplete combustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and carbon were released. Indeed, the soot is the amount of carbon produced by the combustion. The lighted splint does not cause the paraffin wax to combust. When applied, the heat of the fire of the splint causes the wax to melt, but not catch fire itself. This because the wax is in the solid fase, and so does not combust. It would need a candle wick, a piece of yarn inside the candle which catches fire and helps the candle melt. Part II – Comparison of alkanes and alkenes 1. Reaction of the double bond Substance Hexane + dilute sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate Hexene + dilute sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate Observations When the fucsia potassium permanganate is added to the clear hexane and sulfuric acid, the whole solution turns fucsia, as one would expect. Since there is no color change (the fucsia just happens to be the predominant color) no reaction occurred. When the fucsia potassium permanganate is added to the clear hexane and sulfuric acid, initially the whole solution turns fucsia. However right after there is a color change and the solution goes from fucsia, to light pink, to clear again. We can tell from the color change that an addition reaction occurred. 1. Combustibility of hexane and hexene Substance Hexane Hexene Observations When the lighted splint is applied to the basin full of hexane, the whole surface of the alcohol catches fire (combusts) and a big flame forms, which lasts circa 5 minutes. As the fire blazes, some black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin become first light brown, and then progessively a darker shade of brown. This is the soot collecting on the basin. Therefore, a incomplete combustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and carbon were released. Indeed, the soot is the amount of carbon produced by the combustion. When the lighted splint is applied to the basin full of hexene, the whole surface of the alcohol catches fire (combusts) and a big flame forms, which lasts circa as long as the hexane combustion. As the fire blazes, a lot of thick black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin become first brown, and then progessively a darker until they become almost black. This is the soot collecting on the basin. Therefore, a incomplete combustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and carbon were released. Indeed, the soot is the amount of carbon produced by the combustion. Since the basin of the hexene was darker than that of the hexane, we can deduce that the combustion of hexene is more incomplete. Part III – Alcohols and Carboxylic acids 1. Oxidation of ethanol Substance Ethanol + potassium dichromate + dilute sulfuric acid Observations When first placed in the water bath the solution turns from orange-yellow to first a light green. The smell is quite alcoholic and strong, pungent. After 5 minutes, the solution has become a darker shade of green, an almost turquoise color. The smell is a bit like a medicine, still a bit pungent (less though) and quite sweet – like cough syrup. After other 5 minutes, the color is now an intense forest green, and the smell is very sugary sweet. 1. Making esters Substance Ethanol + ethanoic acid + concentrated sulfuric acid Observations When first placed in the water bath the solution turns from a warm yellow color to first a light blue-green. The smell is very strong, pungent and unpleasant. After 5 minutes, the solution has become a more intense and dark shade of blue-green. The smell is still acidic and tangy, but now quite sweet. It is not unpleasant anymore. After other 5 minutes, the color is now an a very dark green, almost black, and the smell is almost like lemon pie, tangy but sugary at the same time. It is a nice scent. Data Analysis Part I – Alkanes 1. Volatility of methane, hexane, and paraffin 1. Methane CH4 (g) 1. Hexane C6H14 (aq) 1. Paraffin wax C20H42 (s) 1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in water 1. Hexane No reaction occurs: C6H14 (aq) + H2O(l) à ¯ C6H14 (aq) +H2O(l) 1. Paraffin wax No reaction occurs: C20H42 (s) + H2O(l) à ¯ C20H42 (s) +H2O(l) 1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax 1. Methane CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) à ¯ CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g) * 1. Hexane 2 C6H14 (aq) + 19 O2(g) à ¯ 14 H2O(g) + 12 CO2 (g) * 1. Paraffin wax No combustion reaction occurred – paraffin only changes state: C20H42 (s) + heat à ¯ C20H42 (l) Part II – Comparison of alkanes and alkenes 1. Reaction of the double bond 1. Hexane No addition reaction occurred Concentrated H2SO4(l) C6H14 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq) C6H14 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq) 1. Hexene Concentrated H2SO4(l) C6H12 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq) C3H6O2 (aq) + KMnO2 (aq) 1. Combustibility of hexane and hexene 1. Hexane 2 C6H14 (aq) + 19 O2(g) à ¯ 14 H2O(g) + 12 CO2 (g) * 1. Hexene C6H12 (aq) + 9 O2 (g) à ¯ 6 H2O(g) + 6 CO2 (g) * Part III – Alcohols and Carboxylic acids 1. Oxidation of ethanol reflux 3 CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2 K2Cr2O7 (aq) + 8 H2SO4 (aq) + heat 3 CHà ¢COOH(aq) + 2 Crà ¢(SOà ¢)à ¢(aq) + 2 Kà ¢SOà ¢(aq) + 11 Hà ¢O(g) 1. Making esters concentrated H2SO4 CH3CH2OH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) CH3COOCH2CH3 (aq) + H2O(g) * These reactions are written as complete combustions, but in reality they were incomplete conbustions, as we can tell from the soot (carbon) left behind after the reaction. Therefore the products of these combustions would not only be CO2 and H2O (water vapour) but also the noious CO and Carbon (black smoke and soot). These equations thus do not represent fully the reaction which took place. Conclusion Part I – Alkanes 1. Volatility of methane, hexane, and paraffin The state of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax are gas, liquid, and solid at room STP, respectively. They are all alkanes, and therefore only have Van Der Waal intermolecular forces (they are non-polar, so do not have dipole dipole, and do not have any Hydrogen bonds as well), The stronger the intermolecular forces, the more energy (heat) it requires to break the bonds, the higher the MP. However, even though methane, hexane, and paraffin all have VDW forces, they have very different MP and BP, as seen from their physical state at room temperature. This is due to the difference in surface area of the three alkanes. Van Der Waal forces are stronger in molecules that have a larger surface area: indeed, paraffin wax, which can have a molecular formula of C20H42 to C40H82 which be a much longer chain than hexane (C6H14) which in turn will be longer than methane (CH4). Therefore, paraffin wax will have a higher MP than hexane, which will have a higher MP than methane. 1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in water Since hexane did not mix with the water (there was a cler line of separation between the two substances) we can concude that hexane is not soluble in polar solutions, (water is the universal solvent for polar solutions). Therefore, hexane is non-polar, as its symmetrical structure (C6H14) would suggest (the dipole moments cancel out). Also paraffin wax did not mix with water. This is due to the fact that also paraffin wax is a alkane, and therefore will also be non polar, because of its symmetrical structure (eg: C20H42) with dipole moments which cancel out. Also, the fact that the wax was solid, and no heat was added to the solution, contrbuted probably to the insolubility of the wax in the water (even polar substances like sugar melt better when heat is applied). 1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax Methane combusted when the lighted splint was applied. The flame extinguishes itself quickly, and the products CO2 and H2O are formed (water vapour). However, the combustion is not complete, because also some black smoke (Carbon and CO) are produced, since there is not enough oxygen and the carbons in the reactants are not combusted completely. Likewise, also the hexane combusts when the lighted splint is applied (a huge flame erupts). However, the hexane has a more incomplete combustion. We can tell from the substantial amount of soot (carbon) left on the evaporating basin, much greater than the thin black smoke generated from the combustion of methane. The paraffin wax, even though it is an alkane, is in its solid state and therefore does not combust. When the lighted splint is applied, the wax changes state from solid to liquid. Therefore, no reaction occurs, and the products of combustion are not formed (CO2 and H2O, and Carbon and CO). If a wollen wick were to be inserted, then combustion would occur. Part II – Comparison of alkanes and alkenes 1. Reaction of the double bond Hexane did not react with the potassium permanganate, since the color did not change. This because the alkanes are saturated (do not have any double bonds) and therefore cannot perform addition reactions. Hexene instead reacts with the potassium permanganate (KMnO4), aided by the concentrated H2SO4 to form C3H6O2 and KMnO2. We can tell see the reaction visually, for the potassium permanganate is fucsia, and therefore tinges the whole solution of a pink, but after the reaction occurs the solution becomes clear, since the products are different. This because it is an alkene, and therefore unsaturated, so other molecules can add into it to form different products. The carbon-carbon double bond is very reactive. However the alkene could not react with the potassium permanganate without the catalyst H2SO4 to facilitate the reaction. 1. Combustibility of hexane and hexene Hexane and hexene both combust when the lighted splint is applied. They both catch fire, and burn for circa 5 minutes. They both produce CO2 and H2O (water vapour is formed, and moisture is left behind after the fire extinguishes), and also Carbon and CO (black smoke rises from the flame, and soot is left behind on the basin. Therefore, there is not enough oxygen, and the hexane and hexene do not combust completely, generating these noxious, unwanted products. The main difference is that hexene has a more incomplete combustion than hexane, since it leaves behind much more dirt and soot, coloring the basin pitch black, while the hexane only leaves a bit of soot, coloring the basin of a lighter brown. Therefore, the combustion of hexene requires more oxygen than that of hexane, since the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere remains more or less constant. Part III – Alcohols and Carboxylic acids 1. Oxidation of ethanol The oxidation of ethanol is an oxidation of a primary alcohol. The reaction can occur because all the reaction conditions are present: heat, the oxidizing agent (K2Cr2O7 ) and the catalyst (H2SO4). Therefore, the alcohol (CH3CH2OH) first will form an aldehyde through distilling (low ratio of oxidizing agent to alcohol) but then through reflux it will form a carboxyllic acid (CHà ¢COOH). We can notice the reaction occurring by observing the changes in the test tube. Initially yellow-orange, the solution then turns green. Also, we notice a change in scent, from a pungent alcoholic scent, to a sweeter, more pleasant smell. 1. Making esters A reaction occurs when the ethanol and the ethanoic acid, aided by the catalyst H2SO4 and heat, form an ester CH3COOCH2CH3 and water. Also here, the reaction only occurs because the reaction conditions were present: heat and catalyst H2SO4. We can notice the reaction occurring by observing the changes in the test tube. The color changes from a warmer color, to a colder, blue-green color. Also, we notice a change in scent, from a pungent alcoholic scent, very unpleasant, to a fruity, sweet and tangy smell like lemon pie. Indeed, esters are used as artificial flavouring, replicsting the smell of fruits.

buy custom Chinese Classic essay

buy custom Chinese Classic essay Introduction Just as any other country or community in the vast world has literature, the Chinese republic is not to be forgotten in terms of literal arts. China has had many forms of literature and subsequently many big names in the literal field. One of the big names in literature of the 20th century is a man known as Qian Zhongshu. Theodore Huters an American scholar of literature defines the man Zhongshu as one of awesome and diverse abilities with vast account of knowledge in his brains. To accredit the study of the literal expert Zhongshu, Huters has not only tried to fully discuss his obscure style of literature on his own self, he goes steps ahead to include ideas from other experts in this field. Some of the experts, whose ideas have been included in a bid to shade some useful light on the topic, are Hermann Melville and Wolfgang Iser who are portrayed as general theorists. He does this to create a general-purpose introduction to Qians works and style of literature and through this; he i s also trying to achieve an extensive argument for elementary analysis of his prose style as this is crucial to understanding and evaluation of his achievements as a Chinese writer. He moves on to acknowledge that it is an independent, stimulating and crowded agenda. Qian was then a young Chinese elite who was however reportedly not educated in China, he had gone abroad to increase his intellect and so on returning to his motherland, he used his international mastery to demolish a host of traditional literature practices which he thought unwise. He criticized his home form of traditional literal theories by bombarding them with international mastery of literature. For general purpose role, the book offers a full chapter with Qians biography which is further defined as a no nonsense which puts into discussion his works beginning with his literally criticism and moving forward on that background to explore his familiar essays and fiction. It is evident that the book does not move deep in its discussion of Qians four-volume survey of Chinese literature. This chapter in Huters book seeks to gradually develop his discussion on Qian Zhongshu. He presents his original analysis and appraisal of Qians well-known fiction and develops it to culminate in a s tudy of one of the Chinese writers novel which is a major piece of art of the 20th century. After substantial studies, Huters emphasizes that Qian and other Chinese writers of the 20th century shared a style in common. He states that they share the style of shocking readers out of easy assumptions and habits of thoughts conditioned by traditions. He however gives Qian a credit which according to him, the other writers did not deserve. He moves forward to explain the reason for accrediting Qian as, he used the heritage of Chinese literary language and rhetoric more positively than any of his predecessors. This keeps him ahead of the race or it even makes him stand aloof. Qians literary style was a shocking masterpiece as studies show that throughout his career as a writer; never at once did he allow his style of writing to be identified solely with one model or another. He was never a constant writer of one style, as soon as you thought you have gotten his way of writing, you were to be surprised by reading his next article which would have a very different style altogether. This is attributed to his great creativity which almost surpassed normal understanding. He is seen as a respiratory for ideas; an ironic force covers his ideas, and guides the flow of thoughts moving them from the playful down to the sharply satirical and later onto the tragic part of it all. Qian Zhongshu, had well developed this style for his short stories and essays, however, as he moved into fiction, he definitely had to modify this practice. He had to learn how to create a solid world of false characters who according to him, engaged the reader first before he later on bombard and overpower them with his ironic and subsequent tragic vision. He engaged his avid readers when he went out of his way to give them fiction with this literal style. He had to allow narrative and dialogue to develop his stories before finally bringing on board his irony. Qian is portrayed as an unnecessarily discursive character; however, twice in his readings he promises his readers and commits himself to make literature an autonomy. This point is not well developed to enable the reader to fully understand the importance and meaning of his commitment. This is the discursive part of Qian as it brings out many confusing thoughts but is willing not to explain all of them leaving his readers confused. According to Huters, Qians style of writing bears greatly with a pretty good range of historical events, this is well defined in the fourth chapter where Huters reportedly goes out of his way to show just how far he can go to elaborate this isue. He presents a major example of the field, depth of the vision, this he achieves by drawing parallel between the stylistic reforms witnessed in the 17th century Europe and those witnessed later on in China in the 20th century, and he puts the prominent writer with his mart in the middle of all these. Huters there hence demonstrates the style of writing of Qian Zhongshu at this time as been baroque. This was very apt of him as it was the perfect definition that suited the style that had been adopted by Qian at this time. In a short story called Souvenir, which is basically a story that talks about, the discovery of mortality after an adulterous affair to a woman, Huters does not fail to notice what kind of talent Qian Zhongshu possesses. Qian narrates this whole story in a comedy like manner without even giving the reader time to develop sympathetic feelings for the woman in context. Huters is even amazed how the writer achieves this and makes the whole story look like a big joke thought and in the near end; the reader cannot help himself but laugh even after reading through such an adulterous script. Huters reports that Qian makes sure that he gives the reader no time to develop any real sympathy for the characters and maintains excessive detachment. Another substantial analysis that Huters makes on the style of writing used by Qian Zhongshu is his enormous ability to shock his readers and challenge them with specious logic. Here he gives an example of one of Qians very obscure logics which goes that distinctions between right and wrong, good and evil, heterodoxy and orthodoxy and so on, are at times nothing more than distinctions between self and other. This is a mind-boggling statement which even most of the average minded persons couldnt comprehend. It is obviously sure that Qian is one of the writers who are given to gratuitous shocking and overwhelming statements. Qians style of writing was controversial in post war China and it stands controversial to this very date. This can be attributed to his numerous and endless use of satire, he sets up a very powerful conception of esthetic analysis which sustains as remarkably rich and broad discussion of his works. China as a republic is reportedly to have one of the longest period in human civilization which dates back to around 5000 years ago and it also rates high in translation having a history of around three thousand years back. The translation and its effects rose gradually from its most crude form to its most elaborate form which was better known as literary translation during the late Qings dynasty. This period is captive of the period in Chinese history when western literal works started been fully translated into Chinese. A Chinese grammarian and renowned writer/translator gives the values of a good translator as one who understands and has great mastery of the two languages such that he/she knows similarities and differences of the two languages. He requires that the would be translator should have full understanding of the meaning, style and spirit of the source text and transfer them directly to the target language, he finally requires that the same translator, should translate th e text such that there is no discrepancy between the source file an d the target text. Chinese literature of this new period of the 20th century is characterized with its complicated concepts of literature and its variety of learning institutions. This fully differs with any other of the Chinese literary period with exception of the well-remembered May 4th period when Chinese literary practiced were given a head on challenge by those practices from the much civilized West. Initially, poems and poetic essays were the main form of literal practice in China. However, the increasing translation of Western novels into the Chinese language dearly increased their form of literature enriching it to marked standards. This broke up the Manchus closed-door policy and brought the people of the Republic of China the much needed Western ideologies, lives and customs. This introduction had a marked impact on the then social reformers as it to some extent brought forth the democratic light which was well lacking in China. In present-day China a large quantity of Western works were translated into Chinese these mainly include m works revolving around scientific and technical grounds. This were to be very useful to the peoples republic of China putting in mind that this period, the same republic was undergoing industrial revolution at this time. Logically they therefore needed a wide pool of knowledge which could only be gathered by borrowing from the already developed We stern countries. This saw literary translators been a big and playing a useful part in the Chinese governance as they went as far as translating the United Nations documents and articles which the governance much needed. In 1964, another different trend in literal translation wwas witnessed when one of the most or probably the most renowned writer in the history of the peoples republic of China defined his understanding of literally translation in a way of his own. Qian Zhongshu defined the topic as transmigration theory for literal translation. He widely borrows from the Buddhists practices, where transmigration is defined as the instance where the soul, spirit or some other seat of personality vacate the body it has been occupying and enters into another body or object. Using this, he then states that, a literal translation is like the act of transmigration whereby the soul, the spirit of the original text, remains in the target text even though the career of them, the language has changed. He set requirements of his theory of transmigration in a bid to achieving literal translation which he himself later admits as been too, high for any personality to fully achieve. It should however be accepted that this new form of translation was to the utmost advantage the peoples republic of China, this is simply because the system was more diverse in style, it was also very much more inclusive in terms of ideas and more open in assimilating foreign culture especially those culture practiced in the Western countries. Because of this, Chinese literature is no longer a tributary of the mainstream world of literature. The fact is that it cannot be isolated by any reasonable scholar in literature it has come to a point where it reportedly carries on an equal dialogue with literature from the wide West. This state of event comes up duly because of the interaction between Chinese scholars and other many scholars from other countries especially those from the western nations. This interaction is what firstly brought the translation of Western literature into Chinese3 and which goers a long way to bring civilization, democracy and a range of good to the peoples rep ublic of China. Some literal critics argue that the New Period Literature in China is still progressing however, arguments have been put forth to counter this critics. For instance, if we intend to move on and observe this in the eye of the other or rather simply from the Western influence perspective, and give a down to earth analysis of this, we must therefore state that it is an occurrence which has just passed but which still hold s much significance to present day Chinese literature orientation. In the last century, it is evident that Chinese literature has been in full flourish twice. The first instance of this such flourishment is the period between May 4th and the 1930s. This had a strong impact on the traditional and cultural ideas of the Chinese republic. It put on board some novel trends and currents prevalent in the West then and was trained a group of talented writers who had a great spec of knowledge of bot5h languages. This period of development in Chinese literature was a stepping-st one to modern Chinese literature this is because it had remarkable achievements. The second and final instance of the literal flourishment experienced in the republic of China was the New Period. This period is to be remembered for the longest time in discussing literal development in modern day China. During this period, there was reportedly openness to the outside world and foreign cultural academic exchange programs enabled more and more Western trends of .philosophy and other humanities to flood into China. This second flourishing of the peoples republic of Chinas form of literature has helped train a group of great artistic writers with God given potentiality who move forward to exploring new literary concepts and experimenting with new artistic devices and techniques. This has greatly enabled the Chinese government to develop as the Western systems and policies of development are now known to them through the translation of theory works into Chinese for easier understanding. Conclusion The peoples republic of China has had a great history of civilization and translation. However, their earlier policies hindered their achievement of fast development. This is such as the closed policies which did not allow them to fully interact and gather knowledge from any other sources. Early in the 209th century, this was openly criticized and their traditional literal practices made .look inferior compared to the Western practices. This period then saw the training of writers who studied and sought to understand the Western literal culture. After this, the republic of China saw the change which started gradually by the introduction of Western form of literature intro that of Chinese. Great writers like Qian came up and the principle of openness which sought the integration of Western culture and Chinese culture was established. This went along way to bring development to the republic of China. All this is most directly attr4ibuted to the translation theory and literature. Buy custom Chinese Classic essay

Mexicos Geographic Potential

Mexicos Geographic Potential Geography can have a profound influence on a countrys economy. States that are landlocked are nautically disadvantaged in global trade compared to coastal states. Countries located in the mid-latitudes will have greater agricultural potential than those in the high latitudes, and lowland areas encourage industrial development more so than highland areas. It is widely believed that Western Europes financial success is a fundamental result of the continents superior geography. However, despite its influence, there remain cases in which a country with good geography could still experience economic distress. Mexico is an example of such a case. The Geography of Mexico The country is also rich in natural resources. Gold mines are scattered throughout its southern regions, and silver, copper, iron, lead, and zinc ores can be found virtually anywhere within its interior. There is an abundance of petroleum along Mexicos Atlantic coast, and gas and coal fields are dispersed throughout the region near the Texas border. In 2010, Mexico was the third largest oil exporter to the United States (7.5%), behind only Canada and Saudi Arabia. With approximately half of the country located south of the Tropic of Cancer, Mexico has the ability to grow tropical fruits and vegetables nearly year-round. Much of its soil is fertile and the consistent tropical rainfall help provide natural irrigation. The countrys rainforest is also home to some of the worlds most diverse species of fauna and flora. This biodiversity has great potential for biomedical research and supply. Mexicos geography also provides great tourism possibilities. The crystal blue waters of the Gulf illuminate its white sand beaches, while ancient Aztec and Mayan ruins present visitors with an enriching historical experience. The volcanic mountains and forested jungle terrain provide an avenue for hikers and adventure seekers. Enclosed resorts in Tijuana and Cancun are perfect places for couples, honeymooners, and families on vacation. Of course, Mexico City, with its beautiful Spanish and Mestizo architecture and cultural life, attracts visitors of all demographics. Mexico's Economic Struggles In the last three decades, Mexicos economic geography has progressed somewhat. Thanks to NAFTA, northern states such as Nuevo Leon, Chihuahua, and Baja California have seen great industrial development and income expansion. However, the country southern states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Guerrero continue to struggle. Mexicos infrastructure, already inadequate, serves the south far less well than the north. The south also lags in education, public utilities, and transportation. This contrast is leading to a great deal of social and political strife. In 1994, a radical group of Amerindian peasants formed a group called the Zapatista National Liberation Army (ZNLA), who consistently rages guerrilla warfare on the country. Another major obstacle to Mexicos economic advancement is the drug cartels. Over the past decade, drug cartels from Colombia established new bases in northern Mexico. These drug barons have been murdering law enforcement officers, civilians, and competitors by the thousands. They are well armed, organized, and they have begun to undermine the government. In 2010, the Zetas drug cartel siphoned more than $1 billion dollars worth of oil from Mexicos pipelines, and their influence continues to grow. The future of the country depends on the governments effort to close the gap between rich and poor in order to reduce regional inequalities. Mexico needs to invest in infrastructure development and education, all while pursuing strong trade policies with neighboring states. They need to find a way to abolish the drug cartels and create an environment that is secure for citizens and tourists. Most importantly, Mexico needs  to expand industrial avenues that can benefit from their good geography, such as the development of a dry canal across the narrowest part of the country to compete with the Panama Canal. With some proper reforms, Mexico has the great potential for economic prosperity. Sources: De Blij, Harm. The World Today: Concepts and Regions in Geography 5th Edition. Carlisle, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Publishing, 2011

Women and Economics in Colonial and Post Revolution America Essay

Women and Economics in Colonial and Post Revolution America - Essay Example She discusses among many other topics: motherhood, sex, domestic duties, the role of women as educators, feminine inclinations, women's relationships with men and the existence of women as human beings. I believe that human beings have in their nature a primal instinct for survival and that women have relied on men for their livelihood for so long that this human instinct has become blunted. This view is supported in Gilman's work where her writings point to a belief that women are now more feminine than they are human 1 By Gilman's definitions, women had a primarily "feminine" role to play in colonial America. In early southern colonies, females were heavily outnumbered by men but the hardships of life ensured that all inhabitants had to earn their living regardless of gender. Women attended domestic duties like sewing and cooking and men devoted more time to productivity in the fields but regardless of job descriptions, all were kept busy in they strife of making a living. With a rise in European conflict and the spread of these disputes to America, a new population of widows emerged who were previously dependent on their husbands for the livelihood of their families 2 These women gradually integrated themselves into the urban workforce; a move that was encouraged by authorities to decrease the number of widows and orphans dependent on charity.3 The revolutionary age brought change in the attitudes of women. Prior to the American revolution, migrant families to America had brought with them ideals about a "woman's place" and perceptions of "femininity" from the bases of their European origins. However, as the political environment changed and people in general became more outspoken, there evolved a greater tolerance to opinionated women. Women began to hold meetings in their homes involving both men and women where they criticized political and religious figures and discussed everything from economics to medicine. 4 The American Revolution was not simply a military conflict between American colonies and the British Empire; there was a strong cultural and economic resistance in America. Americans became more reluctant to rely on British produced goods and this started an industrial economy for women. Because of this boycott of British products, women became responsible for producing most of their families clothing at home in addition to other consumables like candles and soap 5 6. To continue to support their families and produce food for the army, women also took to the fields and assumed an important role in agriculture 5. If a family owned a business like an inn or a printing press, women often assumed these entrepreneurial roles while their husbands were away 7. This allowed women to demonstrate levels of competency and success at opportunities that were denied to them in the past. Women launched a full scale assault to cement their place in the American workforce. In the past, women who wer e forced to work were careful not make their activities too obvious. There remained traditions in society that a woman's place was in her home; her private sphere. However, during the revolution, as the demand for women in the workplace grew, women became more prepared to advertise their products and services 8. Women were not only participating in docile duties. Women sometimes traveled with